YAY SPECULATION! took longer than i thought to write this.
Reiterating the national politcal strucutre
High Lord/High King- Learder of the Allthing
Allthing-governing body
Clans-Families/organisations that are present in most settlements around Anglea, to varying strenthgs depending on the settlement. Quite likely to have seats in the Allthing
Thane-Local representative/learder of the clans in a settlement, runs day to day activities as well as being in charge of a specific task given to it by their Clan Lord
The High King and/or the Allthing can give a task to a clan or clans, preferably ones that has performed well in the past or have shown aptitide for the particular task (Though this is unappealing to the Clans, they want to be the only one performing the task)
The Clan(s) and the Allthing/High King convene and choose a location to perform the task. Other clans may be recruited into the endevour based on their aplitude or strength in the settlement.
The Thane(s) in charge would do the bookeeping, getting thralls and citizens and ships and factories and whatever, and oversee the task from his base of opperations. Raids may or may not have their Thane in the field, depending on factors. Because reasons.
Certain clans could have more skilled engineers, and the senario that you illustrated could be accomplished by 2 clans, a clan for retrieval and a clan for reverse engineering, one of whom's speciality is raiding, whereas the other one is understanding and immitating. There could even be a third clan, a minor player, whos job is to take a look at the blueprints and get to improving on the design after it has been understoodl
I read about what they did for discipline in World War Z, where they would use things like Pillories for public shaming for light offences.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillory I can see the use of brands for more serious offences, the design and location depends on the severity of the crime. Capital punishment is met with beheading, Stark style. Local Thane with his own sword. Brutal, quick (usually) and lets them become productive members of society or agriculture again.
I totally agree with your point on women, and I'd like to take it a step further. Viking (I know, I know, theyre not vikings) women were mostly left to work and maintain their home (as opposed to go out and raid which was the man's role), but they had absolute control over her domain, indicated by the symbolism of the keys. (Because its on the internet, it must be true
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/women_01.shtml) Using this, I'd suspect that female Anglean pilots would own their own ships, and use some sort of key/compass motif on their person to show their status as mistresses of their domains. Furthermore, it is indicated that viking women were apt in the art of trading, thus a lot of the Angean merchant fleet would be lead by women. Women would play an equal part in Anglean society, but somewhat avoid the super testosterone machismo warfare side of it. Which is the best side, btw.