I have made a reference list. Spent some time in practice mode/sandbox. I have only counted spanner hits becouse it's the most eficcient tool for rebuilding components, and it's the tool you want to use for doing so (wrench requires 5 hits for every 4 hits with a spanner, while mallet requires 5 hits for every 2 hits with spanner).
Pyra Armor: 9 Buffed Armor: 10
Galeon Armor: 10 Buffed Armor: 12
Junker Armor: 9 Buffed Armor: 11
Squid Armor: 4 Buffed Armor: 5
Goldfish Armor: 6 Buffed Armor: 7
Mobula Armor: 8 Buffed Armor: 10
Spire Armor: 6 Buffed Armor: 7
If the ship's armor was buffed when it was destroyed it takes longer to rebuild, it's mostly intentional that way - rebuild time is tied to maximum armor value.
Universal components:
Light Gun: 9
Heavy gun: 15
Turning engine: 8
Main engine: 12
Baloon: 10
If spanner takes 1 second between hits (if you clikc, instead of olding - holding the mouse currently takes longer as the animation cycle is longer when you hold the mouse button to repair/rebuild or buff), you can now imagine how long it takes to rebuild stuff. If you loose baloon you want to be at leat 170M above ground to avoid impact damage (exact speed ships drop isn't known, but it's known ships chainge height with 16.97-17.01m/s with full baloon (pyra has the lowest and galeon apparently the highers, but both have horrible vertical acceleration when they have baloon).